Creator:
Date Created:1959
Place Created:
Keywords:Russian article
Context:article from science journal
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BjiHHHne flaBJiGHHH 3000 kT/cm2 Ha no;iHMop$Hoe npeBpameHHe Tajijihh BnepBHe 6hjio HCCJieflOBaHO BepHepoM b 1913 r. [3]. B 9toh pa6oie MaccnBHUH o6pa3Cn Ta.iJiHH noMema.'in b 6oM6y, 3anojraeHHyio .vtacjioM. HpeBparn;eune <|ini;cnpoBajiH no CKawy nab-jieiiHH npa MeflJieHHOM HarpeBe h oxnaJKfleHHH 6om6h.
Bepnep noKa3a.i, ito TeMnepaTypa a—[3-npeBpameniiH tsjijimh noHHHtaeTCH c iiodh-IHCHHCM JiaBJIGHHH. HaKJIOH KpiIBOII paBHOBGCHH 0. H (3-MOHH<)jlIKaipiH K OCH flaBJIGHHH COC-TaBjiHGT 0,0023 zpadliiT -cm'2. 06(>eMHbm 3<Ji$ckt npGBpamcHHH yue.Tii'iHnaeTCH ot 0,0090 cM3/a-amoM npn aTMOc$epHOM ;iaBJiciinii ho 0,0194 cM3/a-amoM npn flaB-'icnmi 3000 Kr/cM2.
B 1935 r. lipH,(/KMCH ncc.;ie;ioua.'T P—7'-;;narpaMMy TaJiJiHH mgtoaom CMemaiomerocn inTOKa I1!. lIpeBpamennc <f>HKcnpoBajra no cKaiKy na kphbhx «xoji nopuiHH-,iaBJiCHHG». BapbHpoBaJin TCMnepaxypy o6pa3ua HarpeBaHHeM bcgh ycTanoBKH eBcpxBLicoKoro aaBJie-hiih, ito ^ejiano iieBOSMO/iuiHM npoBe^eiiHC HCCJieflOBaimn npn TeMncpaiypax BHHie 200°. IIo nojiyqeiiubiM Tan mm cdocosom hhth ToiKaM n H3BeciHOH TeMnepaType a—p-npcBpameunn npa aTM0C$epH0M jj,aBJiennn 6njia nocipoeHa anarpaMMa coctohhhh TajimiH, npiiBe^eHHan Ha pnc. 1. Cor.iacHO HHarpaMMe, I—II (p—a)-npeBpam;eHHe KOHiaeTCH b Tpoiraon To*me, cooTB6TCTByion^cH TeMnepaType 153° ii aaBJieHHio 39 000 kT/cm2. Ilpn 6ojiee bhcokhx aaB-JieHHHX HOHBJIHeTCH HOBaH M0flH$HKaUHH,0603HaTOHHaHBpHflJKMeH0M I<H$pOH III. KOOpflH-
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b haiibheiimem bpn^jkmeh hgo^hokpaxho b03bpamanch k hccjieflobahhio bjihhhhh ^aBJieHHH na oSmm h sjieKTpmecKoe conpoTHBJieHne Tannnn [5. 6]. Ho Bee nocjieflyromHe paSoTBi npoBo^nract npn komh3thoh xeMnepaType.
HaMn npoBeneHO HccneflOBaHne P—T-flHarpaMMH TaJiJiHH c noMoin,bio MejOflHKH Tep-MMiecKoro aHaJiH3a ['], n03B0nHK>meH H3yqaTb <|a30Bbie npeBpameHHH BemecTB npn flaB-
neHHHx no 30 OOO-r-35 000 kT/cm2 h TeMnepaTypax ^o 650° C. HccJienoBaHne npoBOflHJin Ha TaJinnn 99,98, coflep»am,eM ~ 0,01 Pb, 0,008 Cd h cneRLi Ag, Mg, Mn. HarpeBajin o6pa3eij npn nosioin,H HiixpoMOBoro HarpeBaTejia, BBeaeHHoro B KaHan MyjibTHnjiiiKaTopa CBepxBHcoKoro flaBJieHHH. Ilepe-HaiomeH cpeflofi aBntaacb CMecb MoneHTaHa c HopMaJibHbiM neHTaHOM. TeMriepaTypy H3Mep®iH TepinonapoH H<ene30-HHxp0M c oihoctbio ^ 1°5', flaBJieHHe — MaHraHHHOBbiM ManoMexpoM conpoTHB-neHHH c TO^HOCTbio ±100 kF/cm2.
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33 000 kF[cm2. Hepe3 KajK«He 700—900 kFIcm2 o6pa3en harpebajin h oxnawflajiH c hoctohhhoh CKopocTbio, paBHoii 0,5 epad/cen. IIoKa3aHHe a6oo-jiiothoh h flh^epennhajibhoh TepMonap3amicbiBaitH Ha nupoMeTpe KypHaKOBa. 3a'reM no TepMorpaMMaM onpenejiswiH TeMnepatypH HJiaBJieHEH, gaTBepHeBaHim h |3->a-npeBpaiu,eHHH Tajuiim. napajttiejibHO c <|>0T03anHebi0 bgjih bh-3yanbHoe Ha6jnoneHHe 3a hoka3anhhmh TepMonap. 3to n03B0JiHH0 bbohhtb neoOxoflHMbie nonpaBKH Ha H3M6HGHHe HaBJieHiw npn HarpeBe H3oneHTaHa b npon;ecce onHTa. Bcero TaKHM cnocoSoM HOJiyieHO CBHme 160 ToieK, no KOTopuM nocTpoeHa P—T-flnarpaMMa TannHH (pnc. 2). KpmaH nnaBJieimH TaJiJiHH coBnaflaei c kphboh, hojiynehhoh HaMH pa-Hee MeTOflOM TeMnepaiypHtix ocTaHOBOK 6e3 hphmghghhh flH^^epeHiiHajibHOH TepMonapH
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Phc. 3. bjihhhhe cKopocieft HarpeBa h oxna®fleHHH Ha TeMnepaTypy a—|3-npe-BpameHHH TannHH npn 27800 kT/cm2.
[s]. 3aTBepfl,eBaHne TannHH jia'JUHaJioci, npn nepeoxjiaiKacHHH b~1°,5. Be,nnqHiia nepe-oxjiaffi^ehmh c ybennqehhem flaBJieHHH cymecTBeHiio He H3MeHHJiact. HaKJion kphboh njiabneiihh k och sabjiehhh npn p = 1 kT/cm2 pabeh 7,1-10""3 zpadlnT -cm2. riphhhman TenJioBoir 3i|i^ieKT nnaBJieHHH Tanjinn npn aTMOci|)epHOM naBJieHHH paBHHM 1,004 kkaji/z-amoM [9], nonyqaem h3 ypabhehhh Knanefipona cnenyromee 3haiehhe h3mehehhh o6i>ema npn nnabjiehhh: 0,0026 cms/s, hjih 3,05%. Il0JiHM0p$n0e npeBpam,enHe tajijina HBJiaeTCH BecbMa pe3KHM n npoieKaeT c rHCTepe3HCOM, KOTOpun yBejiHiHBaeTCH BflOJib kphboh npebpan^eHHH c 2° npn 1 kT/cm2 ro 40° npn 33 000 kT/cm2. JJ,na bhhb-nenHH buhhhhh CKopocTH oxjiaw^eHHH h HarpeBa Ha BejiHiHHy rncTepe3Hca o6pa3en TaJiJiHH npn flaBJieHHH 27 800 kF/cm2 narpeBajiH h oxnawnajiir co ckopocthmh 0,03; 0,11; 0,25; 0,34 n 0,50 zpadlcen.
IIojiyTCHHHe nahhhe npeflctabjiehh Ha pnc. 3.
Kan BHflHo H3 pnc. 3, BejiHiHHa mcTepe3Hca a—p-npeBpam,eHHH cymecTBeHHO 3aBH-cht ot ckopocth H3MeHeHHH TeMnepaTypbi o6pa3n;a. C yBejinieHHeM CKopocTH oxjxa?KHeHHH h HarpeBa ot 0 no 0,5 spad/ceu rHcrepe3Hc yBejiHHHBaeTCH ot 6flO 22°, npiiqeM 3to H3MeHe-
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Ha P—•T'-flHarpaMMe t&ijihh (par. 2) HaHeceHhi TaKJKe h to1!km, ncwiyaeHHue BpHflw-MeHOM. yqacTKH kphbhx a —» p h J3 a-npeBpameHHH, aKCTpanojiMpoBaHHtie na flaBJieHHH, npeBumaiomne 33 000 kT/cm2, iiaxoflHrcH b xoponieM coraacHH e toiksmh 2, 3 h 4 Bpii/;-HCMGHa. Toqua 7 ne>KHT ropa3flo Bbirne Hanmx kphbhx. Ho 3Ta TOqKa HBjiHeTCH naHMe-Hee flocTOBepHOH, TaK naK annaparypa BpjiflHtMeHa npn 166° h flaBJieHiin 30 000 kT/cm2 paSoTajia na npe^ejie h ne Mora a ooecneinTb Cojibhioh to'iiiocth.
TaiiHM 06pa30M, eci'b Bee OcHOBaHHH cqiiTaTb, <ito npn KOMHaTHOii TOMnepaTvpe h ^aBJieium 41 000—43 000 kT/cm2 tajuinn npeBpamaeTCH H3 a-MOflM<|)HKaunii b bhcoko-TeMnepaTypHyio f$-M0flH$HKan;Hi0 c o6'LeMiu>-neHTpMponaHHOH KyoiwccKoii CTpyKTypoii, a TpcTboii (Jia3Li, Ha3BaHHOii Bpn^jKMeHOM TI III, b 3tom wnepnajie flaBJieHHii He cymect-Byer. Ha OcHOBaHHH nonyqeHHOH fltiarpaMMw m iiMeioiu,HxcH b jiHTepaType /(ainibix mojkho oueHHTt BejinqiiHH 06teMH0r0 stjKjieKTa a—|3-npeBpameHHH npn aTMOcifiepHOM flaB.'ieiinii ii TennoBoro 3(J>({>eKTa 3Toro upoBpamenjiii npn ~42 000 kT/cm2 h KOMnaTHOH TeMnepaType. TennoTa a—fi-npebpamehhh npn aTMOc<j>epHOM flaB^eHHH, H3MepeHHaa OjibcenoM h flp. [•], paBHa —95 Kaji/e-amoM. IIpHHHMan TaHreHc yraa naKJiona kpmboh a—p-iipenpa-menu a npn aTMOc$epHOM flaBJieiiHH paBHHM 1,9 10~3 spad/nr cm2, nojiyqaeM rjih o6i>eMuo-ro 3(j)$eKTa nojiHMopcjmoro nepexo^a BCJtH'mny 0,015 CM3/i-amoM, hjih 0,089%. .IJjih CKaqKa oC'LCMa b pesy.ibraTe nojlHMopiJmoro npeBpameHHH TajuiiiH npn flaBJienan ~42 000 kTIcm2 n TeMnepaType 20° HMeeM BejiHqnuy 0,7% hjih 0,12 cMa/i-amoM. IIpirnHMaH Taii-reHC yraa HaiuioHa KpHBOft paBHOBecHH a- h 8-MOflH^HKaijHH npn 20°, paBHHM 16,8 10~3 epad/nT cM2, nojiyqaeMflJia TennoBoro aiJwjjeKTa	npeBpameHHH Bejinqmiy—49 koji/
e-amoM. JfHTepeceit tot (|)aKT, qTO b-MOflm|iHKannH rajuiHH, HMeiomaa oo^OMiio-ueHTph-poBaHHyjo CTpyKTypy c MeHbiuHM KoaiJicfinnneinoM 3ariojmeiiM!i npooTpaHCTBa, o6jiaflaei oojibraHM y^eJibHbiM BecoM, qeM a-MOflH<j)HKai;HH c njiOTHeHineii ynaKOBKOH.
Cqn'raio cbohm flOJirOM bhpa3iith 6jiaro^aphoctb H. jrh'/iaiiony 3a yqacrae b n0flr0t0b-Ke h IipOBCflCHHH 3KCHepMMeHT0B.
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1.	H. L i p s o n, A.R.Stokes. Structures of thalliums. Nature, 148, 37, 1941.
2.	K. D. A 1 e x o p o u 1 o s. Formation and identification of thallium single crystals. Acta crystallogr., 8, 235, 1955.
3.	M. W e r n e r. Ober die Eigenscliaftsanderungen bei den polymorphen Umwandlun-gen des Tl. Sn, Zn, Ni. Z. Anorg. Chem., 83, 275, 1913.
4.	P. W. B r i d g m a n. Polymorphism principally of the elements up to 50 000 at. Phys. Rev., 48, 11, 893, 1935.
5.	P. W. B r i d g m a n. Compressions and polymorphic transitions. Phys. Rev. 60, 4, 351, 1941.
6.	P. W. B r i d g m a n. Effects of pressure on binary alloys. III. Five alloys of Tl, including Tl-Bi. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., 84, 1, 1, 1955.
7.	B. n. B y t y 3 0 b, C. C. B o k hi a, M. T. T o h h k 6 e p r. nojiHMopijmhie npeBpameHHH $oc$opa npn CBepxBHCOKOM flaBJieHHH. floKJi. AH CCCP, 108, 3, 1956.
8.	B. n. B y t y3 o b, E. T. II 0 h h t o b c kh h, T. II. Ill a x 0 b c k o ii. TeMne-paTypa njiaBjieHHH niniKa, KaAMHH, Tajuina h cypbMbi npn naBJiemiHX no 30000 ks!cm2. flOKji. AH CCCP, 109, 3, 519, 1956.
9.	W. O e I s e n, O. O e 1 s e n, D. T h i e 1. Die prazisionen Messungen der Schmelz-warmen. Z. Metallkunde, 46, 555,1955.
I-lhcthtyt KpncTajuiorpa(J)hh AH CCCP
IIocTynnjia b pe;(annnio 4. IX. 1958